Tova Michalsky, Sharon Sofer Klein E33 To examine changes over time, 2×2 mixed ANCOVAs were conducted with group as a betweensubjects factor and time as a within-subjects factor. Significant group × time interactions emerged for the card rotation and number comparison tests [F(1,69) = 6.98, p = .010; F(1,69) = 6.86, p = .011], indicating greater improvement among students in the VR condition. Paired t-tests revealed significant gains in card rotation performance, which assesses spatial perception, in both groups, with higher improvement in VR (d = 1.68 vs. 2.14). For the number comparison test, measuring perceptual speed, only the VR group showed significant improvement (d = .68). No changes were found for the Corsi block-tapping test which measures visual working memory capacity (see Figures 1–2). Table 1 presents the descriptive and inferential statistics at baseline, whereas Figures 1–3 are included to visually demonstrate performance changes across sessions and to highlight group differences in performance over time. Figure 1. Mean estimated (and S.E) of the performance on spatial perception test across time points. Figure 2. Mean estimated (and S.E) of the performance on perceptual speed test across time points. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 VR Computer Performance in card rotation test T1 T2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 VR Computer Performance in number comparison test T1 T2
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