The Open University of Israel
Prof. Ruth Beyth-Marom

Prof. Ruth Beyth-Marom

Department of Education and Psychology

Updated: February 2010
 

Personal

Tel: 972-9-7781465

Fax: 972-9-778-0632

E-mail: [email protected]

Born: 1946, Israel

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Education

1971 B.A., Statistics, Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
1973 M.A., Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
1978 Ph.D., Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
Dissertation: Aspects of Perception of Association between Events; Advisor: Prof. Amos Tversky
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Professional Experience

1968-1972 Research and Teaching Assistant, Psychology Department, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1972-1973 Instructor, Behavioral Sciences Department, University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba
1972-1977 Instructor and Lecturer, Departments of Education, Psychology and Geography, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1975-1976 Research Associate, Israel Foreign Ministry; Strategic analysis prior to interim settlement in Sinai, 1975
1976-1980 Project Manager, Development of curriculum of thinking under conditions of uncertainty for children (Junior High School age), School of Education, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1977-1978 Project Manager, Development of course in teaching probability and statistics, The Open University of Israel, Ramat Aviv
1977-1980 Research Associate, Center for Cognitive Studies, School of Education, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1978-1980 Methodological Advisor and Trainer, Israel Defense Forces
1980-1981 Post-Doctoral Fellow, Decision Research, Eugene, Oregon
1981-1982 Consultant, Decision Research, Eugene, Oregon
1982-1992 Advisor, Israeli Science Teaching Center, Center for Curriculum Research and Development, School of Education, Tel Aviv University
1982-1996 Senior Lecturer, The Open University of Israel
1988-1989 Visiting Scientist, Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
1995 - Member, Scientific Council of the National Institute for Testing and Evaluation
1996 Associate Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel
1996-1999 Vice President for Academic Affairs, The Open University of Israel
1999-2000 Head of Research, The Center for Educational Technology in Distance Learning
2000 - Member, The Committee for Students with Learning Disabilities, The Planning and Budgeting Committee, The Council for Higher Education
2001-2005 Head of Education and Psychology Department, The Open University of Israel
2003 - Member, The Council for Higher Education
2005-2006 Sabbatical (a) in La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia - Distinguished Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Studies; and (b) in Decision Research, Eugene, OR
2009 Sabbatical, Decision Research, Eugene, OR
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Areas of Interest

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Awards and Scholarships

1970-1974 Various graduate school scholarships from the Hebrew University
1980 Lady Davis Post-Doctoral Fellowship
1980 Fulbright travel Fellowship
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Membership in Professional Societies

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Referee for:

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List of Publications

Books

  1. Beyth-Marom, R., Introduction to statistics: Methods for description and analysis of data and inference from sample to population. Tel-Aviv: Am Oved, 413 pp., 1976 (Hebrew).
  2. Beyth-Marom, R. and Dekel, S., Thinking under uncertainty: A textbook for junior high school students. Jerusalem: The Ministry of Education, 271 pp., 1983 (Hebrew).
  3. Beyth-Marom, R. and Dekel, S., Thinking under uncertainty: A manual for teachers. Jerusalem: The Ministry of Education, 132 pp., 1983 (Hebrew).
  4. Beyth-Marom, R. and Dekel, S., An elementary approach to thinking under uncertainty. Translated and adapted from Hebrew by R. Beyth-Marom, B. Marom and S. Lichtenstein. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 154 pp., 1985.
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Articles in Refereed Journals

  1. Fischhoff, B. and Beyth-Marom, R., "I knew it would happen": Remembered probabilities of once-future things. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13 (1975), 1-16.
  2. Beyth-Marom, R. and Fischhoff, B., Direct measures of availability and judgments of category frequency. Bulletin Psychonomic Science, 9 (1977), 236-238.
  3. Beyth-Marom, R., How probable is probable? Numerical translation of verbal probability expressions. Journal of Forecasting, 1 (1983), 257-269.
  4. Beyth-Marom, R., Perception of correlation re-examined. Memory and Cognition, 10 (1982), 511-519.
  5. Beyth-Marom, R., Choosing an appropriate summary statistic. Teaching Statistics, 6 (1983), 70-74.
  6. Beyth-Marom, R. and Dekel, S., A curriculum to improve thinking under uncertainty. Instructional Science, 12 (1983), 67-82.
  7. Beyth-Marom, R., Being accurate but not necessarily Bayesian: Comments on Christensen-Szalanski and Beach. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 31 (1983), 255-257.
  8. Beyth-Marom, R. and Fischhoff, B., Diagnosticity and pseudo-diagnosticity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45 (1983), 1185-1195.
  9. Fischhoff, B. and Beyth-Marom, R., Hypothesis evaluation from a Bayesian perspective. Psychological Review, 90 (1983), 239-260.
    Reprinted in J. Dowie and A. Elstein (Eds.), Professional judgment: A reader in clinical decision making (pp. 323-349), New York, Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  10. Beyth-Marom, R., Novik, R. and Sloan, M., Enhancing children’s thinking skills: An instructional model of decision making under certainty. Instructional Science, 16 (1987), 215-231.
  11. Beyth-Marom, R. and Zakay, D., A commission of enquiry from a psychological perspective: The potential of learning from past experience. Hapraklit, 37 (1987), 424-427 (Hebrew).
  12. Furby, L. and Beyth-Marom, R., Risk taking in adolescence: A decision making perspective. Developmental Review, 12 (1992), 1-44.
  13. Beyth-Marom, R., Austin, L., Fischhoff, B., Palmgren, C. and Jacobs, M., Perceived consequences of risky behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 29 (3), (1993), 549-563.
  14. Beyth-Marom, R., Yafe, E., Privman, M. and Razy Harpaz, H., Satellite home tutorials vs. satellite classroom tutorials. Computers in the Social Studies Journal, 10 (1), (2002).
  15. Bergman, O., Beyth-Marom, R. and Nachmias, R., The user-subjective approach to Personal Information Management systems. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 54 (9), (2003), 872-878.
  16. Beyth-Marom, R., Chajut, E., Roccas, S. and Sagiv, L., Internet-assisted versus traditional distance learning environments: Factors affecting students' preferences. Computers and Education Journal, 41 (1), (2003), 65-76.
  17. Beyth-Marom, R., Saporta, K. and Caspi, A., Synchronous vs. asynchronous tutorials: Factors affecting students' preferences and choices. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 37 (3), (2004), 241-258.
  18. Caspi, A., Chajut, E., Saporta, K., and Beyth-Marom, R., The influence of personality on social participation in learning environments. Learning and Individual Differences, 16 (2), (2005), 129-144.
  19. Beyth-Marom, R., Harpaz-Gorodeisky, G., Bar-Haim, A., and Goder, E., Identification, job satisfaction and work motivation among tutors at the Open University of Israel. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 3 (2), (2006), 1-13.
  20. Beyth-Marom, R., Fidler, F. and Cumming, G., Statistical Cognition: Towards Evidence-Based Practice in statistics and statistics education. Statistical Education Research Journal, 7 (2), (2008), 20-39.
  21. Lazar, A., Litvak-Hirsh, T., Bar-On, D., and Beyth-Marom, R., Through psychological lenses: university students' reflections following "Psychology of Holocaust" course. Educational Review, 61 (1), (2008), 101-114.
  22. Bergman, O., Beyth-Marom, R., and Nachmias, R. The user-subjective approach to PIM system design - Evidence and implementation. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59 (2), (2008), 235-246.
  23. Bergman, O., Beyth-Marom, R., Nachmias, R., Gradovitch, N. and Whittaker, S., Improved search engines and navigation preference in Personal Information Managements. ACM Transaction on Information Systems, 26 (4), (2008), 1-24.
  24. Kogut, T. and Beyth-Marom, R., Who helps more? Self-Other discrepancies in helping-behavior contexts. Judgment and Decision Making, 3 (8), (2008), 595-605.
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Chapters in Books

  1. Beyth-Marom, R., Mis/understanding diagnosticity: Direction and magnitude of change. In K. Borcherding, O.L. Larichev and D.M. Mesick (Eds.), Contemporary Issues in Decision Making (pp. 203-223). North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers (1990).
  2. Beyth-Marom, R., Fischhoff, B., Jacobs-Quadrel, M., and Furby, L., Teaching decision making to adolescents: A critical review. In J. Baron and R.V. Brown (Eds.), Teaching Decision Making to Adolescents (pp. 19-61). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (1991).
  3. Beyth-Marom, R. and Fischhoff, B., Adolescents' decisions about risks: A cognitive perspective. In J. Schulemberg, J.L. Maggs and K. Hurrelmann (Eds.), Health Risks and Developmental Transitions During Adolescence. Cambridge University Press (1997).
  4. Beyth-Marom, R. and Sorozon-Saporta, K., Individual differences in attitudes towards and choices of learning/teaching technologies. In A. Tait, M. Vidal, U. Bernath and A. Szucs (Eds.), Distance and E-learning in Transition Learning Innovation, Teaching and Social Challenges (pp. 511-518). John-Wiley and Sons (2009).
  5. Beyth-Marom, R. and Fischhoff, B., Adolescents' decisions about risks: A cognitive perspective. Invited chapter in J. Schulemberg, J.L. Maggs, and K. Hurrelmann (Eds.), Health Risks and Developmental Transitions during Adolescence (42 pp.) Cambridge University Press (in press).
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Edited Book

Beyth-Marom, R., Ayton, P., Beattie, J., and Koele, P. (Eds.), Contributions to decision making II. Selected proceedings of the 15th Research Conference of Subjective Probability, Utility and Decision Making, Jerusalem, Israel, August, 1995.
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Book Reviews

  1. Fischhoff, B. and Beyth-Marom, R., Failure has many fathers: Review of Victims of Groupthink by Irving Janis. Policy Sciences, 7 (1976), 388-393. Also in Megamot 20 (1974), 325-328 (Hebrew).
  2. Beyth-Marom, R., Limitations in judgment and choice: Review of Judgment and Choice by Robin Hogarth. Contemporary Psychology, 26 (1981), 671-672.
  3. Beyth-Marom, R., What happened? Review of What Happened? Diagnosing unfamilar real-life situations by A.J.M. Groenewegen. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 1-4 (in press).
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Invited Commentaries in Journals

  1. Beyth-Marom, R., Teaching thinking: What, when, where, who and how. Applied Psychology, 42 (3), (1993), 220-223.
  2. Beyth-Marom, R., On the description of prescription. An invited commentary. Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1993).
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Proceedings

  1. Beyth-Marom, R., Ellis, S., and Ganor, M. (1988). Tutor and course coordination, Hierarchical relationship and mutual perception, in D. Sewart and J. S. Daniel (Eds.), Developing distance education (pp. 104-106), Oslo, ICDE.
  2. Beyth-Marom, R. and Enoch, Y. (1993). Different but equal? An open university and its social and academic environment. 16th World Conference of ICDE, Post-conference book (selected papers).
  3. Beyth-Marom, R., Chajut, E., Roccas, S., and Sagiv, L. (2000). Internet-assisted vs. traditional distance learning: Students' distinguishing characteristics. Research and Innovation in Open and Distance Learning: The first research workshop of EDEN (pp. 179-182).
  4. Bergman, O., Beyth-Marom, R., Leopold, A. (2000). From "Learning-by-Viewing" to "Learning-by-Doing": A Video Annotation Educational Technology Tool. Ed-Media 2000: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Montreal, Canada, 2000.
  5. Beyth-Marom, R., Yafe, E., Privman, M., and Razy Harpaz, H. (2001). Satellite home tutorials vs. satellite classroom tutorials. Ed-Media 2001: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Tampere, Finland, 2001.
  6. Beyth-Marom, R. and Saporta, K. (2002). Individual differences in attitudes towards and choices of learning/teaching techology. The Second Research Workshop of EDEN. Hildesheim, Germany, March 2002.
  7. Beyth-Marom, R. and Saporta, K. (2002). Satellite-based synchronous tutorials vs. satellite-based asynchronous videocassettes: Factors affecting student' attitudes and choices. Ed-Media 2002: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Denver, CO, 2002.
  8. Beyth-Marom, R., Ayal, S., and Epstein, A. (2003). Interactive guided reading on a CD for distance learners. Ed-Media 2003: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Honolulu, HI, 2003.
  9. Bergman, O., Beyth-Marom, R., and Nachmias, R. (2003). The use of subjective attributes in personal information management systems: Pilot results. Adjunct Proceedings of HCI International 2003 (ll, pp. 151-152), Crete, Greece.
  10. Bergman, O., Beyth-Marom, R., and Nachmias, R. (2003). My projects - A project oriented personal information management system. ASIST 2003 Conference: Humanizing Information Technology: From Ideas to Bits and Back.
  11. Bergman, O., Beyth-Marom, R., and Nachmias, R. (2003). The use of subjective attributes in personal information management systems: Initial results. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 40 (pp. 509-510), Long Beach, CA.
  12. Bergman, O., Beyth-Marom, R., and Nachmias, R. (2006). The project fragmentation problem in personal information management. Proceedings of the CHI 2006 Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems (pp. 271-274), Montreal, Canada.
  13. Bergman, O., Beyth-Marom, R., and Nachmias, R. (2006). What is so personal about the personal computer?: Subjective attributes in personal information management (in Hebrew). Proceedings of the Chais Conference for Learning Technologies (pp. 109-113), Raanana, Israel.
  14. Bergman, O., Beyth-Marom, R., Nachmias, R., Gradovitch and N. Whittaker, S. (2008). Type of search engine and personal information retrieval: Windows vs. Linux (in Hebrew). Proceedings of the Chais Conference for Learning Technologies 2008 (pp. 17-22) Raanana, Israel.
  15. Bergman, O., Tucker, S., Beyth-Marom, R., Cutrell, E., and Whittaker, S. (in press). It's not that important: Demoting personal information of low subjective importance using GrayArea. Proceedings of the CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems.
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Research Reports

  1. Beyth-Marom, R. (1981). The subjective probability of conjunctions. Decision Research Report, 81-12, 44 pp., Decision Research, Eugene, OR.
  2. Beyth-Marom, R. (1982). How many vs. how probable: The effect of changing the question in a categorical task. Decision Research Report, 82-11, 30 pp., Decision Research, Eugene, OR.
  3. Beyth-Marom, R. and Lichtenstein, S. (1982). Accuracy of confidence assessments: Does number of alternatives make a difference?, Decision Research Report, Decision Research, Eugene, OR.
  4. Beyth-Marom, R. and Novik, R. (1985). Improving thinking skills: Problem solving and decision making. MABAT: Science in a Technological Society, 18, 22 pp., The Israeli Science Teaching Center, School of Education, Tel-Aviv University (in Hebrew).
  5. Beyth-Marom, R. and Ellis, S. (1986). Quantitative vs. qualitative methods: An ambiguous, inexclusive and dysfunctional distinction. The Open University of Israel, 13 pp.
  6. Leopold, A. and Beyth-Marom, R. (1999). Technology-based learning environments for higher education. Research Report 2/99-e, 31 pp., The Open University of Israel.
  7. Beyth-Marom, R.,Yafe, E., Privman, M., and Razy-Harpaz, H. (2000). Satellite home tutorials vs. satellite classroom tutorials. The Open University of Israel, 38 pp.
  8. Beyth-Marom, R., Alberton, Y., Zuker, M., and Chernovich, L. (2001). InterWise: Home tutorials via the internet. The Open University of Isael, 60 pp. (in Hebrew).
  9. Beyth-Marom, R. and Saporta, K. (2002). Regular tutoring: Satellite based synchronous tutorials or satellite based asynchronous videocassettes?
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Open University Books (in Hebrew)

  1. Zamir, S., Beyth-Marom, R. et al. (1978). Introduction (32 pp.), Descriptive statistics (110 pp.), Discrete probability I (70 pp.), Discrete probability II (82 pp.), Discrete random variable (106 pp.), Continuous random variable (92 pp.), in Introduction to Statistics and Probability for Science Students.
  2. Zamir, S., Beyth-Marom, R. et al. (1978). Sampling (92 pp.), Estimation (80 pp.), Hypothesis testing (112 pp.), Non-parametric tests and Bayesian statistics (100 pp.), Correlation and regression (105 pp.), Analysis of variance (78 pp.), in Statistical inference.
  3. Beyth-Marom, R., (1986). Scientific investigation: Basic concepts: I and II (137 pp.), Principles of measurement (55 pp.), The social circumstances of behavioral research: Biases and methods to overcome them, Regression analysis (99 pp.), How to use regression analysis (123 pp.), Research evaluation (98 pp.), in Research Methods for the Social Sciences.
  4. Zemach, M. and Beyth-Marom, R., (1986). The survey (131 pp.), in Research methods for social sciences.
  5. Beyth-Marom, R. and Zakay, D. (Eds.). (1987). Judgment of evaluation under uncertainty: A reader, 402 pp.
  6. Beyth-Marom, R. (1987). An introduction to judgment and evaluation under uncertainty, 56 pp.
  7. Palgi-Heker, A. and Beyth-Marom, R. (1990). An introduction (120 pp.), in Introduction to Psychology.
  8. Beyth-Marom, R., Ellis, S., Saprota, K. and Meir, N. (1990). Psychological testing: A study guide, 370 pp.
  9. Bittman, I., Beyth-Marom, R., et al. (1992). Introduction: Concepts and definitions (70 pp.), Behavioristic and cognitive theories (112 pp.), Principles and methods in the evaluation of personality and its measurement (97 pp.), in Personality: Theory and research.
  10. Zamir, S. and Beyth-Marom, R. (1993). Introduction to statistics for social science students: Descriptive statistics, 2nd ed., 356 pp.
  11. Zamir, S. and Beyth-Marom, R. (1996). Introduction to Statistics for Social Sciences Students: Probability, 2nd ed.
  12. Beyth-Marom, R., (2001). Scientific investigation: Basic concepts I and II, (137 pp.), Principles of measurement (55 pp.), in Research methods for the social sciences, 2nd ed.
  13. Beyth-Marom, R. (Ed.). (2006). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment: A reader, 402 pp.
  14. Beyth-Marom, R. (2006). An introduction to heuristics and biases, 56 pp.
  15. Beyth-Marom, R. (2006). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment: A study guide.
  16. Fridman, D. and Beyth-Marom, R. (2002). The didactics of psychology teaching: A reader, 357 pp.
  17. Beyth-Marom, R., Fridman, D., Roditi, C. and Levi, I. (2002). The didactics of psychology teaching: A study guide, 154 pp.
  18. Elis, S., Beyth-Marom, R., and Saporta, K. (2005). The experiment, in Research methods for the social sciences, 2nd ed., 155 pp.
  19. Beyth-Marom, R., Gordoni, G. and Semach, M. (2009). The Survey, in Research Methods for the Social Sciences. 2nd ed., 237 pp.
  20. Beyth-Marom, R. and Liviatan, G. (2009). Psychological Testing: Theory and Application. A supplementary book (561 pp.).
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Presentations and Lectures

  1. Explication of an implicit alternative hypothesis as a strategy to weaken confirmatory bias. Paper presented at the 19th Bayesian Conference, Los Angeles, CA, 1981.
  2. Workshop on teaching thinking under uncertainty. School of Education, Humboldt State University, Eureka, CA, 1981.
  3. Teaching thinking under uncertainty. Lecture to the Chamber of Statisticians, Oregon, 1981.
  4. A curriculum on thinking under uncertainty. An invited paper for the APA Convention, August 1982.
  5. Biases and debiasing. A presentation to the Office of Medical Education Research and Development, Michigan State University, May 1982.
  6. How probable vs. what percentage. An invited paper for the First National Conference on Decision Making and Judgment, Jerusalem, Israel, 1986.
  7. Teaching hypothesis testing as a ten-step process. International Conference on Teaching Statistics, Vancouver, Canada, 1986.
  8. A B.A. degree in Social Sciences at the Open University of Israel. Distance Education Conference, Pretoria, RSA, 1987.
  9. Tutor and course coordinator: Hierarchal relationships and mutual perceptions. 14th World Conference on Distance Education, Oslo, Norway, 1988.
  10. Understanding diagnosticity: Direction and magnitude of change. Twelfth Research Conference on Subjective Probability, Utility and Decision Making, Moscow, USSR, 1989.
  11. Different but equal? An open university and its social and academic environment. The 16th World Conference on Distance Education, Thailand, 1992.
  12. Factors affecting student preferences for internet-assisted versus traditional distance learning environments. Technology in Learning Environments: The Learning Citizen, Israel, 1999.
  13. Integrating an interactive multimedia into a distance learning course. Technology in Learning Environments: The Learning Citizen, Israel, 1999.
  14. Internet-assisted vs. traditional distance learning: students' distinguishing characteristics. Research and Innovation in Open and Distance Learning: The first Research Workshop of the European Distance Education Network, Prague, March 2000.
  15. Factors affecting student preferences of internet-assisted versus traditional distance learning environments. International Conference on Psychology after the Year 2000. University of Haifa, Israel, June 2000.
  16. From "learning-by-viewing" to "learning-by-doing": A video annotation educational technology tool. Ed-Media 2000: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Montreal, Canada, 2000.
  17. Satellite home tutorials vs. satellite classroom tutorials. Ed-Media 2001: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Tampere, Finland, 2001.
  18. Integrating technologies into academic teaching: Pedagogical and organizational considerations. The IUCEL Annual Conference (MEITAL), Haifa, Israel, 2002.
  19. Individual differences in attitudes towards and choices of learning/teaching technology. Research and Innovation in Open and Distance Learning: The Second Research Workshop of the European Distance Education Network. Germany, March 2002.
  20. Satellite based synchronous tutorials vs. satellite based asynchronous videocassettes. Ed-Media 2002: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Denver, USA, 2002.
  21. Interactive guided reading on a CD for distance learners. Ed-Media 2003: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Honolulu, USA, 2003.
  22. The use of subjective attributes in personal information management - Initial results (with O. Bergman and R. Nachmias). Poster at the ASIST 2003 Conference: Humanizing Information Technology: From Ideas to Bits and Back. California, 2003.
  23. The use of subjective Attributes in Personal Information Management Systems: Preliminary Findings (with O. Bergman and R. Nachmias). Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vienna, Austria, April, 2004.
  24. The project fragmentation problem in personal information management (with O. Bergman and R. Nachmias). CHI 2006 Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems, Montreal, Canada, 2006.
  25. What is so personal in the personal computer? The use of subjective attibutes in Personal Information Management (with O. Bergman and R. Nachmias). Chais Conference, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2006.
  26. Type of search engine and personal information retrieval: Windows vs. Linux (with O. Bergman, R. Nachmias, N. Gradovitch and S. Whittaker). Chais Conference, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2008.
  27. The user-subjective approach: a new direction for PIM systems design (with O. Bergman, R. Nachmias and S. Whittaker). In PIM 2008, a CHI 2008 workshop, Florence, Italy, 2008.
  28. Regulation the diagnosis of learning disability and provision of test accommodations in institutions of higher education (with A. Ben Simon, N. Inbar-Weiss and Y. Cohen). IAEA 2008 conference, Cambridge, UK.
  29. Statistical cognition: The normative, the prescriptive and the descriptive. Mathematical Education, Haifa, School of Education, March, 2009.
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