Willingness of the Arab Population in Israel to Adopt Household-level Climate Adaptation Measures IV • Self-efficacy, social norms, and outcome efficacy: The results supported the hypotheses: Self-efficacy, social norms and outcome efficacy were all positively associated with willingness to take the four main adaptive actions, and more so than demographic variables or perceptions of climate change. Discussion and conclusion The Arab population in Israel is exposed to multiple non-climate hazards and competing concerns such as violence, which may impede adaptation to climate change. As such, households may require some interventions to prioritize adaptive actions, especially those who have less direct personal benefits. At the same time, respondents showed high motivation to take several adaptive measures. This suggests that authorities can build on existing readiness, rather than introduce top-down legal requirements which may be difficult to enforce. The issue of rainwater gutters connected to the sewage may be an exception, as it is already illegal. Overall, the results suggest significant potential for initiatives and policies that will engage a wide demographic of Israeli ArabPalestinian households in local adaptive measures to combat climate change. Recommendations 1. Raise awareness Local authorities, relevant government ministries: Authorities should raise awareness of current and future climate-related risks at the local level, including indirect and less visible impacts.
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