I Background Many cities in Israel are characterized by challenges arising from social, political, and ethnic gaps and divisions among their residents. In recent years, however, an especially powerful risk – that of climate change – has been added to the list of urban challenges. Included in this scenario are an increasing likelihood of natural disasters and severe climate hazards – rising heat loads, stronger storms, flooding, droughts, and extreme heat waves. All of these are expected to increase the strain on infrastructure, creating higher electricity loads, higher voltage fluctuations, disrupting transportation, harming water supply and quality, and severely affecting energy availability during an environmental crisis. Climate hazards will threaten the safety and survival of city residents, as the threat undermines urban security for all of its economic, ecological, and physical social systems. In light of the threats and uncertainties associated with climate change, awareness has grown among researchers, professionals, and policymakers regarding the vital importance of planning to increase the resilience of cities. Many urban areas around the world are working to integrate adaptations into their development plans and policies, investing in infrastructure, with the aim of building a resilience Abstract
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